Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a critical framework for managing digital identities and controlling access to systems, applications, and data. It encompasses a combination of technologies, policies, and processes that ensure only authorized users can access the right resources at the right time—and for the right reasons.

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IAM systems manage the entire identity lifecycle, including:

• Provisioning new users and assigning access rights
• Modifying access as roles change
• Deprovisioning users when they leave the organization
• Auditing identity activities for compliance and security

Key IAM capabilities include:

• Authentication: Verifying that a user is who they claim to be, often through methods such as passwords, MFA, or biometrics.
• Authorization: Defining what resources a user can access, typically managed through role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC).
• Single Sign-On (SSO): Allowing users to authenticate once and access multiple applications without repeated logins.
• Privileged Access Management (PAM): Restricting and monitoring high-level access for sensitive systems.
• Access reviews and certifications to maintain least privilege and regulatory compliance.

IAM helps organizations enforce Zero Trust security models, where identity—not the network perimeter—is the basis for access decisions. It also supports compliance with industry regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, and SOX, which require strong identity governance and auditability.

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In modern hybrid and cloud environments, IAM platforms often integrate with directories like Active Directory or Entra ID, cloud service providers, and SaaS apps to offer centralized identity control. Whether managing employees, partners, or customers, IAM ensures consistent, secure access across an organization's digital footprint.

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By implementing robust IAM, organizations can reduce the risk of unauthorized access, prevent credential-based attacks, streamline IT operations, and enhance the user experience.