Multifactor Authentication (MFA) is a cybersecurity control that requires users to verify their identity using two or more different factors before gaining access to systems, applications, or data. This layered approach significantly improves security by reducing the likelihood that stolen credentials alone can be used to compromise an account.

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MFA factors fall into three categories:

1. Something you know – e.g., a password, PIN, or security question
2. Something you have – e.g., a smartphone, hardware token, or one-time password (OTP) app
3. Something you are – e.g., a fingerprint, facial recognition, or voice pattern

By combining multiple types of authentication factors, MFA ensures that even if one factor is compromised—such as a leaked password—the attacker cannot gain access without the others. This is especially critical in thwarting phishing attacks, credential stuffing, and account takeover attempts.

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Common forms of MFA include:

• SMS or email-based OTPs
• Authenticator apps like Google Authenticator or Microsoft Authenticator
• Push notifications through apps like Duo or Okta Verify
• Biometric verification via mobile devices or security keys

Modern organizations often deploy MFA as part of a broader Zero Trust architecture, enforcing it at key access points such as VPNs, cloud portals, and SaaS applications. Many also implement adaptive MFA, which adjusts authentication requirements based on user behavior or risk signals—e.g., requiring additional factors when a login is attempted from an unfamiliar location or device.

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MFA is increasingly required by compliance standards such as PCI DSS, HIPAA, and NIST 800-63. It’s also a foundational recommendation in virtually every security best practice framework.

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In an era where passwords alone are no longer sufficient, MFA stands as one of the most effective and accessible defenses against unauthorized access.